16.11.2025
The Democratic Republic of Congo and the Rwanda-backed M23 militia have signed a peace framework in Qatar aimed at ending the fighting that has devastated eastern DRC.
Qatar, with the US and African Union, shuttled between the two sides for months hoping to end the conflict in the mineral-rich east, where the M23 has captured key cities.
The DRC and M23 signed one ceasefire deal and an earlier framework in July. But each side has accused the other of breaking the truce.
The signing of the deal, the Doha Framework for a Comprehensive Peace Agreement, was completed at a ceremony attended by officials from the warring parties, as well as the US and Qatar.
Qatar’s chief negotiator, Mohammed Al Khulaifi, called the deal “historic”, adding that mediators would continue efforts to achieve peace on the ground.
But Benjamin Mbonimpa, representing the M23 delegation in Doha, said in a statement that the agreement contained “no binding clauses” and would not change “the situation on the ground”.
The text contains eight chapters on the “root causes of the conflict”, which will be negotiated “before reaching a comprehensive peace agreement”, he added.
The DRC government said in a statement that the framework “aims to create, in the shortest time possible, the conditions for a real and measurable change for the people”.
It said the eight chapters included the freeing of prisoners by both sides, humanitarian aid for the devastated east and an agreement on monitoring the ceasefire.
The eight protocols, two of which have already been signed and cover a ceasefire-monitoring mechanism, also address humanitarian access, the return of displaced people and protection of the judiciary.
Since taking up arms again at the end of 2021, the M23 has seized swathes of eastern DRC with Rwanda’s backing, triggering a spiralling humanitarian crisis.
Thousands were killed in a lightning offensive by the M23 in January and February, in which the group seized the key provincial capitals of Goma and Bukavu.
Kinshasa has demanded the withdrawal of Rwandan troops from its soil. But Kigali says withdrawal is conditional on dismantling the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda, an armed group formed by former Rwandan genocide leaders who have taken refuge in the DRC.